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International Polar Year (IPY) 2007-2008
International effort, running from March 2007-March 2009, to study the polar regions, the remote areas of the Earth that have profound significance for the ...
www.ipy.org

U.S. International Polar Year 2007-2008
This site features IPY activities supported by the United States government. ... International IPY web site. U.S. Participants. Gov't Agencies and Orgs ...
www.ipy.gov

International Polar Year - Wikipedia
An overview of the collaborative international polar research efforts.
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International Polar Year
The 4th International Polar Year (IPY) beginning in March of 2007 is a campaign ... A special International Polar Year Legacy Edition of UArctic's newsletter " ...
www.alaska.edu

IPY: International Polar Year
This website is currently being developed in order to contain a ... Link to the Expression of Intent (EoI) and Full Coordinated Proposal Databases. top of page ...
classic.ipy.org

International Polar Year
The International Polar Year (IPY) is an extensive ... International Polar Year (US ... 26/07 The International Polar Year: Opportunity of a Lifetime; ...
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International Polar Year: Definition from Answers.com
International Polar Year ( ¦int?r¦nash?n?l ?p?l?r ?yir ) ( meteorology ) The years 1882 and 1932, during which participating nations
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IPY 2007-2008
... are integral to the International Polar Year 2007-8. Teachers and students ... The International Polar Year 2007-8 is a huge, exciting scientific campaign ...
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International Polar Year - Encyclopedia of Earth
The International Council for Science (ICSU), in conjunction with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), has designated 2007-2008 an International Polar Year. ...
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The International Polar Year (or IPY) was a collaborative, international effort researching the polar regions. Karl Weyprecht, an Austro-Hungarian navy officer, motivated the endeavor, but died before it first occurred in 1882-1883. Fifty years later (1932-1933) a second IPY occurred. The International Geophysical Year was inspired by the IPY and occurred 75 years after the first IPY (1957-58).

The third International Polar Year is currently in progress as of 2007, and will last until 2009. It is being sponsored by the International Council for Science (ICSU) the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The chair of the International Planning Group established within the ICSU for this event is chaired by Professor Chris Rapley and Dr. Robin Bell. The Director of the IPY International Programme Office is Dr David Carlson.

Motivation The polar areas have many unique phenomena. Circulatory systems for air and water reach the surface, as do the majority of the Earth's magnetic field lines. Thick glaciers have trapped air and water from ancient times. It is easiest to observe these phenomena near the poles.

Unfortunately, the poles are expensive places to visit, because they are distant, cold and deserted; infrastructure is sparse and the terrain is rough in polar regions (often consisting of ice blocks with crevasses between them). International cooperative programs share the costs and maximize the number of coordinated scientific observations. The IPY is the most famous example of such a cooperative program.

History The First International Polar Year was proposed by Georg Neumayer and inspired by an Austro-Hungarian Empire naval officer, Karl Weyprecht. They argued for a coordinated scientific approach, with observers making coordinated geophysical measurements at several locations during the same year. This would permit more views of the same phenomena, allowing more valuable interpretation of the available data, with only slightly more total money.

Seven years were required to organize the collaboration. There were 12 expeditions to the Arctic and three to the Antarctic. Twelve nations participated: the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States.

Tragically, 17 of the 24 Americans involved in the Arctic expedition starved to death during the first IPY of 1882-83. A supply ship was missed, leading to the disaster where several bodies were consumed by the survivors.

The aforementioned countries operated 14 meteorological stations around the North Pole. Observations included meteorology, geomagnetism, auroral phenomena, ocean currents, tides, structure and motion of ice and atmospheric electricity. More than 40 meteorological observatories around the world expanded their programs of observations for this period. Data and images from the First International Polar Year have very recently been made available for browsing and download on the Web. These records of the First International Polar Year offer a rare glimpse of the circumpolar Arctic environment as it existed in the past and hold the potential to improve our understanding of historical climate variability and environmental change in the Arctic.

Shortly after World War I, mysterious, often defective behaviour in Telegraphy, radio and electric power and telephone lines began to persuade engineers and scientists that the electrical geophysics of the Earth needed more study. The airplane, motorized sea and land transport and new instruments made the proposals more interesting.

In 1927 a proposal came before an International Meteorological Committee. In 1928 the committee submitted a detailed report to an international conference of directors of meteorological services at Copenhagen. Part of one of the resolutions follows:

... magnetic, auroral and meteorological observations at a network of stations in the Arctic and Antarctic would materially advance present knowledge and understanding (of these phenomena) not only within polar regions but in general ... This increased knowledge will be of practical application to problems connected with terrestrial magnetism, marine and aerial navigation, wireless telegraphy and weather forecasting.

The conference suggested observing in 1932–1933, the fiftieth anniversary of the First International Polar Year.

The Second Polar Year (1932–33) program studied how much observations in the polar regions could improve weather forecasts and help transport by air and sea. Forty-four nations participated, and a vast amount of data was collected. A world data center was created under the organization that eventually came to be called the International Meteorological Organization.

By most accounts, the privations of these two early operations were extreme, with the men spending less than 10 percent of their time on science, and the rest of the time devoted to survival.

In the 1950s new instrumentation, including especially rocketry and seismography, inspired United States scientist Lloyd Berkner to propose a third Polar Year. The International Council of Scientific Unions, a parent body, broadened the proposals from polar studies to geophysical research, renaming the effort the International Geophysical Year (which see). More than 70 existing national scientific organizations then formed IGY committees, and participated in the cooperative effort. The IGY took place from July 1957 to December 1958.

While the IGY had taken place when the sun was at maximum output, this was followed by an examination of the sun and related geophysical phenomena at the low point in the solar cycle, the International Year of the Quiet Sun (IQSY). This lasted from July 1963 to December 1964.

Princess Elisabeth Polar Science Station On September 6, 2007, Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled octagonal spaceship-like Princess Elisabeth station, the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research on climate change. Costing $16.3 million, the prefabricated station, wnich is part of International Polar Year will shipped to the South Pole from Belgium (to monitor the health of the polar regions, using icebreakers, satellites, stations and submarines). Belgian polar explorer Alain Hubert stated that "This base will be the first of its kind to produce zero emissions, making it a unique model of how energy should be used in the Antarctic," Johan Berte is the leader of the station design team and manager of the project (which will conduct research in climatology, glaciology and microbiology), and the project unified scientists from 63 nations in 228 studies. Yahoo.com, Group unveils polar science station

Commemorative Coin Controversy The Royal Canadian Mint's $20 silver coin, launched on July 18, 2007 has evoked one of the darkest moments in the history of polar exploration and rankled Canada's main Inuit organization. http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=36ebea70-190d-4d32-8a19-484a1b02a60e The coin was struck to mark the 125th anniversary of the International Polar Year scientific studies and features a "world first" metallic-blue finish meant to mimic the Arctic's icy hues. http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=36ebea70-190d-4d32-8a19-484a1b02a60e On one side of the coin is the customary portrait of Queen Elizabeth; on the other, 16th-century British explorer Martin Frobisher and a compass rose from his era, along with images of the ship he sailed in search of the fabled Northwest Passage and an Inuit man paddling his kayak in ice-choked waters. http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=36ebea70-190d-4d32-8a19-484a1b02a60e

A mint spokesman said the kayaker is simply meant to represent the indigenous people of the North and their role in Arctic exploration. http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=36ebea70-190d-4d32-8a19-484a1b02a60e However, the combination of elements recalls an infamous episode from Frobisher's 1576 voyage to Baffin Island and the tragic fate of an unnamed Inuit paddler who was lured aboard the explorer's ship, Gabriel, and kidnapped for transport back to England as proof of the expedition's success in reaching the New World. http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=36ebea70-190d-4d32-8a19-484a1b02a60e The Inuit captive, one of the first native North Americans known to have reached Europe, was put on circus-style display in England and became the subject of portraits, including one intended for Frobisher's sponsor, Queen Elizabeth I, before dying --probably of pneumonia or exposure to European disease -- only weeks after arriving. http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=36ebea70-190d-4d32-8a19-484a1b02a60e

Coin Specifications {|class="wikitable"!Year!Manufacturer!Theme!Artist!Mintage!Issue Price|-|2007|[Royal Canadian Mint|Laurie McGaw|15,000|$64.95|-|2007|[Royal Canadian Mint (Plasma Edition)|Laurie McGaw|7,000|$249.95|-|}

See also

• Global warming

References

External links

• International Polar Year site
• US IPY Website Features IPY activities supported by the United States Government
• NASA IPY Website Features IPY research related to the six poles of the Earth, Moon and Mars
• IPY Interview and Article Series - SciencePoles - International Polar Foundation
• International Polar Foundation
• First International Polar Year 1881-1884: Arctic Climate in Historical Perspective For the first time, historical Arctic data and images from the explorers of the First International Polar Year are available for browsing and download.
• NOAA IPY Website
• US Postal Service Stamps 2007 Stamp sheet commemorating IPY
• Project IGLO ASTC International Action on Global Warming project.
• Polar Passport Questacon's blog by Australian National University's Dan Zwartz, an Earth Scientist working in Antarctica.
• The International Polar Year (IPY) Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) System Study
• Polar Research Information from Woods Hole Oceangraphic Institution
• Ninth International Conference on Permafrost - June 29-July 3, 2008

IPY 2007-2008
What is IPY? The International Polar Year is a large scientific programme focused on the Arctic and the Antarctic from March 2007 to March 2009. Learn more about IPY.

IPY: International Polar Year
PROPOSAL INFORMATION (ID No: 1238) Seafloor Mapping of the Chukchi Cap HEALY 07-03 . Outline The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provides an opportunity for coastal ...

IPY: International Polar Year
News Items IPY Interim Website. This website is currently being developed in order to contain a wide array of information for the public, media, educators, scientists, artists ...

IPY: International Polar Year
History of IPY A Short History of IPY. On three occasions over the past 125 years scientists from around the world banded together to organize concentrated scientific and ...

International Polar Year
What is IPY? The 4th International Polar Year (IPY) beginning in March of 2007 is a campaign of intense, internationally coordinated research to gain new knowledge about Earth's ...

IPY Canada

U.S. International Polar Year 2007-2008
This site features IPY activities supported by the United States government. ... 9/29/2008 NASA Mars Lander Sees Falling Snow in Martian Arctic, Soil Data Suggest Liquid Past More

U.S. International Polar Year 2007-2008
This site features IPY activities supported by the United States government. ... U. of Delaware Podcast: Early Arctic Explorers Triggered Americans' Interest in Polar Discovery

International Polar Year - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The International Polar Year (or IPY) is a collaborative, international effort researching the polar regions. Karl Weyprecht, an Austro-Hungarian navy officer, motivated the ...

IPY
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